Arithmetic’s universal truth may have biological roots, according to researchers. The team suggests that the fundamental operations of addition and multiplication are a natural consequence of how we perceive the world, shaped by principles of perceptual organisation. These principles, including monotonicity, convexity, continuity, and isomorphism, are shared with other animals, but only humans have developed mathematics. This suggests that mathematics is both an invention and a discovery, hinting at a common unity between our minds and the world.
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